Reaction Paper #2 Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reaction #2 - Term Paper Example With the progressive change in warfare after the Second World War, more questions have been raised on how to deal with asymmetrical warfare under the Geneva conventions. After this convention of 1949, most nations’ security has been threatened non-state actors organizations such as ISIS and al-Qaeda are not fully covered by the rules of war. The armed groups have over and over again sought to defeat their military weakness by employing strategies that deliberately violet international law. These range from planned attacks against civilians, sexual violence, forced conscription as well as using civilians to guard military objectives (Slomanson, 1999). The risks of civilians are further increased as military superior parties, in fighting the rival that is often tricky to identify, responds with means and methods of warfare that may violet the principles of difference and proportionality, giving rise to further civilian victims. International armed conflict between the states and terrorist non-state actors raises a concern on how states in question should actually respond to these groups considering the fact that they have comparatively few rights under the international Humanitarian Law. There is also a big concern as to whether the wars on the non-state actors are international or non-international under Geneva Conventions. But on the other hand, the involved states also consider these rebellious groups as illicit combats who are dispossessed of any legality; their actions are unsympathetically punished in line with the domestic laws of the state. The context of these armed conflicts is claims of legitimacy, as the state pretends to have a greater claim to legitimacy than non-state actors. States seek to de-legitimize non-state actors’ claim while advancing their own claims of legitimacy (Slomanson, 1999). The non-state actors should not be

A Child Behavior Problem Psychology Essay

A Child Behavior Problem Psychology Essay Childrens behavior problems are divided into two major dimensions, they are internalizing and externalizing expressions (Henricson Rydell, 2006). Externalizing problems are behaviors that being harmful, disruptive, and impulsive. These behaviors are mostly stable and usually associated with long term negative outcomes (Henricson Rydell, 2006). Internalized problems are signified by emotions and moods. These symptoms are usually less consistent and cannot predict outcomes (Henricson Rydell, 2006). According to Achenbachs Child Behavior Checklist, childrens behaviors are identified into different syndromes. Syndromes refers to problems that tend to occur together. The eight syndromes that Achenbach had identified are Withdrawn, Somatic Complaints, Anxious/Depressed, Social Problems, Thought Problems, Attention Problems, Delinquent Behavior, and Aggressive Behavior. Five of the eight syndromes are grouped into Internalized and Externalized Behavior Problems (Achenbach, 1991). Internalizing is also called Personality Problems and Inhibition. Three syndromes, Withdrawn, Somatic Complaints, and Anxious/Depressed, are grouped under this heading. This group reflects childrens emotional problems (Achenbach, 1991). Externalizing is variously called Conduct Problems and Aggression. Two syndromes, Delinquent Behavior and Aggressive Behavior, are grouped under this heading. This group shows childrens behavioral problems (Achenbach, 1991). Aggression is defined as acts that impose harm on others (Aylward, 2003). Aggressive Behavior is under the grouping of Externalizing (Achenbach, 1991). Externalized aggressive behaviors are stable and are associated with long term negative outcomes (Henricson Rydell, 2006). Risk Factors There are different risks factors that lead to children behavior problem, including childrens personal factors, risks from school, parents marital relationship, parent-child relationship, and parenting and discipline style. Childs Personal Factors Stacks (2005) conceptualized risk factors for externalizing behavior by using ecological framework. Childrens temperament, developmental problems, and gender determine the severity of initial behavior problems. Personal factors, such as genetic factors, cognitive deficit, and hyperactive, also plays an important role in affecting childrens behavior. Children who have behavior problems tend to have cognitive deficit, they are lower problem solving skills (Pettit, 2004). Research shows that depressive symptoms predict antisocial behavior (Vieno, Kiesner, Pastore, Santinello, 2008). The correlations between depressed symptoms and behavioral problems were significant. This finding was also consistent with past studies by Patterson et al.(1992) and Beyers Loeber (2003). However the study suggested that the impacts of depressive symptoms to antisocial behavior occur within relatively short period of time (Vieno, Kiesner, Pastore, Santinello, 2008). Risks from School The quality school environment also plays important role in affecting predict behavior because many children spend most of the time at schools (Stacks, 2005). Studies also showed that conflictual teacher-child relationships and teachers negative responses are associated with children behavioral problems (Stacks, 2005). Pettit (2004) highlighted different risk factors for children antisocial behavior, including poor peer relationships and school failure. These factors cumulate to higher the risk of violent behavior, which was brought from early childhood to adolescent (Pettit, 2004). Parents Marital Relationship Children react to marital conflicts more negatively than other forms of family difficulties, and as a result, marital conflict is a predictor of childrens difficulties (Cummings, Goeke-Morey, Graham, 2002). It was said that marital conflict impacts childrens adjustment problems. These conflicts between parents consistently associated with externalized behavioral problems of children. These problems further influence childrens intellectual and academic achievements (Cummings, Goeke-Morey, Graham, 2002). Research also showed that children who experienced parents divorce are at higher risks of behavior problems (Stacks, 2005). Moreover, overt marital conflicts of parents were significantly risk predictors to youth maladjustment problems (Garard Buehler, 1999). Parent-Child relationship The parent-child relationship also plays an important role in influencing child development. The origin and developmental dynamics of antisocial behavior are said to be childrens early insecurity (Kochanska, Barry, Stellern, OBleness, 2009). Parental power assertion and resentful opposition lead to the insecurity of children. Poor parent-child relationship has shown impacts on childrens future antisocial behavior (Kochanska, Barry, Stellern, OBleness, 2009). Parenting Style Discipline Prevatt (2003) claimed that family risk and negative practices are highly predictive to childrens disruptive behavior and emotional adaptation. Negative family factors, such as inadequate parental involvement and poor parenting, primarily accounts for externalizing behavior (Prevatt, 2003). Dishion and Bullock (2002) also suggested that parenting practices plays an important role in childrens problem behavior. Both coercive limit-setting and poor monitoring are having direct influences on child negative behavioral outcome. Externalized behavior, such as outer-directed aggressive behavior, is one of the main indicators of maladjustment (Garard Buehler, 1999). There are three important correlates of youth maladjustment are repeatedly exposure to hostile and poor parenting. The poor parenting environment and the use of hostile are influencing risk factors to youth by showing negative interaction patterns within the family (Garard Buehler, 1999). Research shows that parenting put impacts on the development of disruptive behavior (Stacks, 2005). Parental warmth, responsiveness, and consistent limit setting are important to childrens development. Negative family interactions and functioning bring about aggression and violence to childrens behavior. Children who experienced violence directly are said to be in higher risks for externalizing behavior. These violent experiences include corporal punishment and physical abuse (Stacks, 2005). Childhood and developmental outcomes are associated with mild and harsh parental physical discipline (Lansford et al., 2009). Social context and family system leads to developmental consequences to children. Childrens externalizing behaviors are found to be associated with parents use of physical corporal discipline (Lansford et al., 2009). Lansford et al. (2009) also suggested that the antisocial behavior resulted from negative discipline may continue in later development. Corporal physical discipline in early childhood is related to increase in childrens behavior problems which would more likely to show in later years (Alink et al., 2009). Children learn to be aggressive through social learning theory (Bandura, 1973), they are also reinforced to use negative behavior to get parents attention (Alink et al., 2009) Conclusion Externalizing behaviors have great consequences to childrens eventual developmental pathway in their future. Research over the years has tried to determine how different factors contribute in deviant children behavior. Many factors can be added to the risks for externalizing antisocial behavior. Not only personal factors, risks from school, but also family factors, such as parenting style, parent-child relationship, parents marital relationship are also very influencing factors on child behavior problems. In sum, negative parenting is evitable in enabling poor child behavior, it is worthwhile to go into the family context and study the effect of parenting style to children behavior problem.

Divisive, but Effectual: Reinstating the Draft Essay -- U.S. Military

Ever since World War II, the last war that garnered full American support, the percentage of American citizens enrolling in the U.S. Army has diminished significantly. The U.S. is a major military power in the present world; American soldiers are engaged in many multi-theater positions, consequently dispersing troops over various regions worldwide. As only one in ten citizens has served in the US Army, American knowledge of military conditions is rapidly lessening along with the national harmony that complements such knowledge. Therefore, the comprehension that American security is closely associated with a formidable military never resonated within the greater part of modern American citizens. Although antiwar activists may decry compulsory conscription as unconstitutional, it needs to be reinstated in order to solidify the meaning of being an American citizen, boost the economy by providing jobs, and unify the American people with enhanced homeland security. Generally, reinstating the Constitutional draft would solidify the meaning of being an American citizen. Often, wealthier and more privileged people are able to ask for exemption from serving, so representation of soldiers in combat is composed of less-privileged citizens. With compulsory conscription, all American citizens, men or women, ages 18-26 are subject to be recruited for the armed forces. In fact, only 4 members of the 107th Congress who voted in favor of the Iraq war had children serving there. Politicians would know how it feels to have loved ones in a war, instead of freely speaking about wartime without experiencing it in any way. 1 (206) Americans feel that public support for war in foreign countries is not strong because the soldiers fighting are poorly rep... ..." CQ Researcher Outline, January 11, 1991. http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre1991011100 (accessed March 19, 2012). "Binding the Nation: National Service in America." U.S. Army War College, 2008. http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/parameters/Articles/08winter/grigsby.pdf (accessed March 12, 2012). â€Å"Learn about National Service." Americans for a National Service Act, . nationalserviceact.org (accessed March 19, 2012). Greenblatt, Alan. "Upward Mobility." CQ Researcher, April 29, 2005. http://www.cqpress.com/product/Researcher-Upward-Mobility-v15-16.html (accessed March 14, 2012). Farrell, Brenda S. "Military Personnel: Evaluation Methods Linked to Anticipated Outcomes Needed to Inform Decisions on Army Recruitment Incentives." U.S. Government Accountability Office, September 19, 2008. http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-1037R (accessed March 19, 2012).

My first trip

Immediately they unloaded Eider's shiny black Ford Focus, and headed to their hotel suite. Once they were inside they all picked out a room, and went to get a nights rest. Allison woke up before anyone else, so she went to make coffee. As the smell of the strong, coffee filled the suite, everyone began to awake. Dillon looked like half awaken zombie as he made his way to the kitchen. Allison poured everyone a cup of coffee, and turned on the TV Just as the breath taking image of snow fell across the screen. It seemed to be the weather forecast for that very day.They all began to listen carefully as the weather man described the windy, wet, and snowy day that was ahead of them. They couldn't help but cringe. Weather conditions like that make for a harsh day on the side of the mountain. Allison seemed to be out her daze and back into her own head again, as Dillon started laughing. â€Å"What's that funny' Allison replied. â€Å"The look of anxiety on your face, Just stay calm, today will be fine! † Dillon said. He was right, maybe not the ideal weather for skiing but they would still enjoy it. Before Allison could say anything, Dillon started digging through the gear on the table.Looking at the mound of gear thrown everywhere it reminded them of a post tornado. Jackets, boots, goggles, gloves, helmets, and bibs completely dispersed. Allison knew that her bright silver boots would stand out, she backed up and evaluated the whole table. Sure enough she found them. Dillon then started complaining about his bindings on his board and criticized the salesman for his lack of knowledge about the gear he sales. As the knocking noise of the ski-lift drifted through the mountains, they all held on carefully, looking down at all the steep, scary, slopes below them.This was Ellison's first time skiing, so she was extremely excited to try it out! While the ski-lift rocked back and forth Dillon, told Allison some advice for surviving the slopes on the mountain. She coul dn't pay attention because she was so ecstatic to ski that his advice went in one ear and out the other. They came to the top of the lift and Jumped off, Allison fell onto her back as her skis slide out from under her feet, while Dillon lidded smoothly down the slick little hill proceeding the lift.Allison stood up in time to see the shiny snow start to fall down on the slopes. She snapped her feet back into the skis and looked down at the terrifyingly, steep mountains. Allison took a deep slow breath, no turning back now. Ellison's adrenaline picked up and flew through her body faster than the speed of lightening. She was amazed and terrified all together. Going down slopes made her feel like she is floating on air. With the snow leaving fresh layers of white dust laying al about, it felt like being shot straight out of a rocket.The slopes seemed endless. Her goggles kept fogging up, and the thought of falling off the side of the mountain or hitting a tree kept crossing her mind. W ith her face covered in freezing ice, she tried to clear her goggles while keeping her balance. She hadn't learned to slow down or stop on her skis yet, and instantly regretted it. While she attempted to swerve around the other hundreds of skiers, her speed had picked up so much that she became afraid of the next couple of actions that could cake place on the gigantic slope.Gaining even more speed, and losing more balance, she knew that she would have to stop herself soon before the speed took over her body and became dangerous. Taking a huge breath in, trying to stop her skis she was flung forward out of her skis, tumbling down the horrific hill. Completely disoriented from the fall, she tried to stand up but her legs were shaking like an uncontrollable seizure. She was soaking wet from the beyond freezing snow that covered her whole body. Dillon quickly approached her, carrying her skis, along with his board; His face seemed terrified. Are you okay, Ally? † Dillon asked, â⠂¬Å"I'm fine, Just a little shaken up† replied Allison. She knew she couldn't give up, finally standing back up but still feeling wobbly from the accident, she gave it another try. Knowing things could have ended much worse, she attempted it over and over again, until she got it right. Even though she had fallen down multiple times, skiing couldn't compare to any other feeling in the world, and she had a great time on her first skiing adventure!

Search Engines

Rosetta Craft-Jones English Coma I Rough Draft My song Is Love on Top by Beyond. Beyond wrote love on top because she wanted to express how Jay Z makes her feel through the years on a daily basis through song. Throughout the years Beyond has had different songs dedicated to different people but this is a first to the one she loves. Which is good thing because Beyond and Jay Z are very private when It comes to there relationship. Which I'm going to give you briefing which led up to the song Love On Top. Narrative) She had success in the past year of 2011, Beyond won a Grammar for Love On Top for best dance in a video. Also during the performance at the Video Music Awards, while performing Love On Top she announced to Jay Z and the world she was pregnant (which was so spontaneous). She's also happy about how there able to keep the tabloids out of there life and they keep things to them selves. Which has been that way since there courtship began in 2002. Beyond was so head over heels wi th Jay Z she moved from Houston to NY. Example) When Jay Z and Beyond met It was for a song collaboration for the song 02 Bonnie and Clyde. There where speculations then but it wasn't confirmed until he song collaboration Crazy In Love came out that they where announced as a official couple.The couple went on to do other collaborations such as That's how you like It and upgrade you. The couple came together In song to express there feelings for each other, But love on Top was Bounce's education solo song to Jazzy. They are truly a power house couple. Description) By Beyond announcing the pregnancy of there baby on the Video Music Awards while performing Love On Top today's was a heartfelt moment. Due to Beyond miscarrying the couples first child Just two years prior. Despite the rumors baby girl Blue Vive came in this World in January 2012. Jay Z has always made beyond happy you can tell by how she enhanced his career to ownership for his own record label, basketball team, etc. Beyo nd really did an Upgrade on Sean Carter A. K. A. Jay Z. Despite how her father Mathew Knowles felt about Jay Z , Bounce's feelings didn't change towards Jay Z.Jay Z was what Beyond was looking for, The bad boy business type. The couple had a very intimate and private seven year courtship. That led to a private marriage on April 4, 2008. Throughout the years trials, rumors, and success Beyond and Jay Z remained together and that is why her love is on top. Love On Top Honey, honey I can see the stars all the way from here, Can't you see the glow on the window pane? I can feel the sun whenever you're near Every time you touch me I Just melt anyhow everybody asks me why I'm smiling out from ear to ear. They say love hurts)But I know (It's goanna take the real work) Nothings perfect, but it's worth it after fighting through my fears, And finally you put me firstborn it's you. , You're the one I love. You're the one I need. You're the only one I see. Come on baby it's you. You're the one that gives your all. You're the one I can always call. When I need you make everything stop. Finally you put my love on top. Oho! Come on Baby. You put my love on top, top, top, top, top. You put my love on top. Oho 000! Come on baby.You put my love on top, top, top, top, top. My love on top. My love on top. Come on Baby I can feel the wind whipping past my face. As we dance the night away. Boy your lips taste like a night of champagne. As I kiss you again, and again, and again and again. Now everybody asks me why I'm smiling out from ear to ear. (They say love hurts)But I know (It's goanna take the real work) Nothings perfect, but it's worth it after fighting wrought my fears. And finally you put me first. Baby it's you. You're the one I love. You're the one I need.You're the only one I see. Come on baby it's you. You're the one that gives your all. You're the one I can always call. When I need you make everything stop. Finally you put my love on top. 000! Baby. You put my love on top, top, top, top, top. You put my love on top. Oho 000! Come on baby. You put my love on top, top, top, top, top. My love on top. Baby it's you. You're the one I love. You're the one I need. You're the only thing I see. Come on baby it's you. You're the one that gives your all. You're the one that always calls.When I need you baby everything stops. Finally you put my love on top. Baby. You're the one I love. Baby you're all I need. You're the only one I see. Come on baby it's you. You're the one that gives your all. You're the one I always call. When I need you everything stops. Finally you put my love on topiary. Cue You're the one that I love. Baby, you're the one that I need. You're the only thing I see. Baby baby it's you. You're the one that gives your all. You're the one that always calls. When I need you everything stops. Finally you put my love on top

How Economists Define and Measure Treatment Effects

How Economists Define and Measure Treatment Effects The term treatment effect  is defined as the average causal effect of a variable on an outcome variable that is of scientific or economic interest. The term first gained traction in the field of medical research where is originated. Since its inception, the term has broadened and has begun to be used more generally as in economic research. Treatment Effects in Economic Research Perhaps one of the most famous examples of treatment effect research in economics is that of a training program or advanced education. At the lowest level, economists have been interested in comparing the earnings or wages of two primary groups: one who participated in the training program and one who did not. An empirical study of treatment effects generally begins with these types of straightforward comparisons. But in practice, such comparisons have the great potential to lead researchers to misleading  conclusions of causal effects, which brings us to the primary problem in treatment effects research. Classic Treatment Effects Problems and Selection Bias In the language of scientific experimentation, a treatment is something done to a person that might have an effect. In the absence of randomized, controlled experiments, discerning the effect of a treatment like a college education or a job training program on income can be clouded by the fact that the person made the choice to be treated. This is known in the scientific research community as selection bias and, it is one of the ​principle  problems in the estimation of treatment effects. The problem of selection bias essentially comes down to the chance that treated individuals may differ from non-treated individuals for reasons other than the treatment itself. As such, the outcomes such treatment would actually a combined result of the persons propensity to choose the treatment and the effects of the treatment itself. Measuring the treatments true effect while screening out the effects of selection bias is the classic treatment effects problem. How Economists Handle Selection Bias In order to measure true treatment effects, economists have certain methods available to them. A standard method is to regress the outcome on other predictors that do not vary with time as well as whether the person took the treatment or not. Using the previous edition treatment example introduced above, an economist may apply a regression of wages not only on years-of-education but also on test scores meant to measure abilities or motivation. The researcher may come to find that both years-of-education and test scores are positively correlated with subsequent wages, so when interpreting the findings the coefficient found on years of education has been partly cleansed of the factors predicting which people would have chosen to have more education. Building upon the use of regressions in treatment effects research, economists may turn to what is known as the potential outcomes framework, which was originally introduced by statisticians. Potential outcomes models use essentially the same methods as switching regression models, but potential outcomes models are not tied to a linear regression framework as are switching regressions.  A more advanced method based upon these modeling techniques is the Heckman two-step.

Art and Aesthetics Essays

Art and Aesthetics Essays Art and Aesthetics Essay Art and Aesthetics Essay As time and centuries pass simultaneously art evolves too. During the Greek – Roman period in history art was a powerful medium and was used as a research instrument for studying the human body. The Greeks loved perfection, religion, and their government. These values were transferred to the Romans who adapted the Greek culture together with their swag. Later on by doing so, the mixture of both cultures came to be known as the â€Å"classical civilization† (The Greek Spirit pg. 99). The Greco-Roman style influenced many people specifically philosophers, pushed them to create theories that would explain, measure and declare what was art. Amongst these men we encounter the famous philosopher Plato and his ideal aesthetic when developing art. Plato theorized on the skill and knowledge behind making a piece, the advantages and disadvantages of mimiquing art, and the whereabouts of artistic inspiration. When looking at Plato’s theories in comparison to the modern person, the way in which artist create art today, the theories no longer apply. Art is a generated feeling, idea, experience, or concept that is given a form by the artist. That’s the basic idea of how art is created, however Plato believes art’s process to be more specific, â€Å"Art conceived generally as techne, presupposes a knowing and a making: Knowing the end to be aimed at and the best means for achieving the end† (Philosophies of Art and Beauty pg. 1). Here Plato says that all works of art are created with skill and knowledge (techne), meaning the artist must be educated in the type of medium he is using. It also says that because all art has techne the artist should be able to follow a specific size, length and form according to Plato in order to achieve the ideal end. Now looking at a modern example of art in this case graffiti we see that the concept of maintaining a form is still there however this type of art does not necessarily follow a specific format like Plato believed. Graffiti captures meaning and form but not all graffiti pieces have perfect measure or evolve around an ideal end. An example of a modern artist is Keith Haring a famous graffiti artist. When looking at Harings work you are able to see that indeed form, shape, and size is not essential, that perfection is not a necessity but that getting the message across is the new perfection, â€Å"By expressing universal concepts of birth, death, love, sex and war, using a primacy of line and directness of message , Haring was able to attract a wide audience and assure the accessibility and staying power of his imagery†( Keith Haring Biography) Plato would have hated this artist for not caring about having knowledge of the medium he was using, for being so free and for not being limited. Modern people have lost a sense of perfection and accuracy in their work because the meaning of the artwork has overpowered its aesthetic surface beauty, this meaning that Platos aesthetic theories no longer limit and gear the modern artist towards perfection. Art is the recreation of something that already exists. Plato refers to this as imitating work when he says, â€Å"Human makers envisage the human community according to the ideas of justice, the good, courage, temperance, and the beautiful. Within the state the various arts are practiced likewise as imitations of an external order of existence† (Philosophies of Art and Beauty pg. 4) Plato talks about how human makers see the world according to certain ideas, which pushes them (while thinking this way) to create/practice art even though in the end they are still imitations of something that already exists. Part of Plato’s theory is right yet an artist’s imagination can’t imitate work but it can create work. This theory compared to how the modern person creates art has to in the sense that yes some artist are imitators but at the same time they are makers because they are taking something that already exists ,feeding it a meaning, giving it a personal twist and recreating the piece . Keith Haring pops at this theory again and challenges it by creating work influenced by social concepts occurring in his human community, â€Å"They were humans and animals in different combinations . I remember trying to figure out where this stuff came from but I have no idea. I just grew into this group of drawings. I was thinking about these images as symbols, as a vocabulary of things. Suddenly it made sense to draw on the street, because I had something to say† (Keith Haring Biography).